Seeing the Solar System

You don't need your own Voyager to see the solar system. You can see much of it from your own back yard. Of course, you don't see the fantastic closeup views that NASA gets, but you can see it first-hand with your own eyes. If you enjoyed The Nine Planets, go outside and take a look at what you just read about. You'll be amazed how rewarding such a simple thing it can be.
Hardcopy
Touring the Universe through Binoculars A personal tour of the universe using nothing more than a pair of binoculars.
Turn Left at Orion A guide to the night sky perfect for those with no previous knowledge of astronomy and in any age group. Shows how to explore the sky with a small telescope.
Nightwatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe A classic handbook combines a text both meaty and hard to put down with graphics and dazzling full-color photos.
To find the planets, you'll need to know where to look. Refer to Sky & Telescope or a similar magazine for up to date positions or check one of the several Web sites that show planetary positions. A planetarium program can also be useful, especially for fast moving objects like moons and comets. A simple chart or planisphere is a nice way to find the bright stars and constellations but isn't much help for planets.
The tables below are ordered by visual magnitude ("Vo"; bigger numbers are dimmer); this is the maximum brightness that the object attains (approximately when it is closest to Earth). "Date" is the date of discovery.
Unaided Eye
You can see 99.99% of the mass of the solar system with no instruments whatsoever:
Name
Vo
Sun
-27
Earth

Moon
-13
Venus
-4.4
Jupiter
-2.7
Mars
-2.0
Mercury
-1.9
Saturn
+0.7
Never look directly at the Sun! Always use a special solar filter designed specifically for solar observing.
Solar Observing FAQ by Jeff Medkeff
Does the Earth really count? Only the Apollo astronauts have ever seen the Earth from far enough away to perceive it as a globe.
Those with good eyes (especially children) and dark skies may be able to see a few of the binocular objects below, too.
Binoculars
A simple pair of binoculars is by far the most cost-effective optical aid available. For $200 you can get a far better optical instrument than Galileo or Newton had. You will find it much easier if you arrange a stable support for your binoculars (such as a tripod):
Name
Date
Vo
Discoverer
Ganymede
1610
4.6
Galileo Galilei
Io
1610
5.0
Galileo Galilei
Europa
1610
5.3
Galileo Galilei
Uranus
1781
5.5
William Herschel
Callisto
1610
5.6
Galileo Galilei
Neptune
1846
7.8
Johann Gottfried Galle
Titan
1655
8.3
Christiaan Huygens
Looking at the Sun with binoculars even for a fraction of a second can burn a hole in your retina. Be very careful, especially when looking for Mercury.
Amateur Telescopes
If you're more serious a modest telescope will reveal many more moons. The first few below are pretty easy, the last few are considerably more difficult. Good dark skies are essential:
Name
Date
Vo
Discoverer
Rhea
1672
9.7
Giovanni Domenico Cassini
Tethys
1684
10.2
Giovanni Domenico Cassini
Iapetus
1671
10.2
Giovanni Domenico Cassini
Dione
1684
10.4
Giovanni Domenico Cassini
Phobos
1877
11.3
Asaph Hall
Enceladus
1789
11.7
William Herschel
Deimos
1877
12.4
Asaph Hall
Mimas
1789
12.9
William Herschel
Triton
1846
13.5
William Lassell
Pluto
1930
13.6
Clyde W. Tombaugh
Titania
1787
13.7
William Herschel
Oberon
1787
13.9
William Herschel
Amalthea
1892
14.1
Edward Emerson Barnard
Ariel
1851
14.2
William Lassell
Hyperion
1848
14.2
William Cranch Bond
Janus
1966
14.5
Audouin Dollfus
Umbriel
1851
14.8
William Lassell
Himalia
1904
14.8
C. Perrine
Phobos and Deimos are harder to see than it might appear since they are so close to Mars (and the above magnitudes are for a favorable opposition)
The same holds for Amalthea and Janus.
Iapetus' brightness varies greatly as it rotates, from 10.2 to 11.9 or less.
The order of discovery may be a better guide to what is easy to see than magnitude.
Mars FAQ for amateur astronomers
With a small telescope you can easily see the phases of Venus and even the phases of Mercury when conditions are right.
Don't buy your first telescope without first reading Information for Beginning Astronomers
Other objects
Of course, the solar system has more than just planets and moons. Every year there are comets that can be seen with small telescopes and usually one or two that can be seen with binoculars. Occasionally there are comets visible to the unaided eye such as Hale-Bopp which was so spectacular in 1997.
It's easy to see a few of the brighter asteroids with binoculars. Several hundred can be seen with small telescopes. And even today, many asteroids and comets are still discovered by amateur astronomers.
If you're out at night under a clear sky, you are likely to see a meteor. You may see dozens of meteors if you catch one of the regular meteor showers.
You can even see the interplanetary medium if you're close enough to the poles to see an aurora or if you see the zodiacal light or the gegenschein.
You can also see the stars 51 Pegasi, 70 Virginis and 47 Ursae Majoris which probably have their own planets, though of course, you can't see the planets themselves.
Photography